Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本手話学会  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：情報処理学会アクセシビリティ研究会  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：電子情報通信学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本手話学会  

Authorship：Last author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer  

Authorship：Last author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本通訳翻訳学会  

Authorship：Last author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：電子情報通信学会  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本通訳翻訳学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本手話学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：電子情報通信学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本音響学会  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：大阪大学全学教育推進機構  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Authorship：Last author   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Association for Computational Linguistics  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本特殊教育学会  

Authorship：Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本特殊教育学会  

Authorship：Last author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本通訳翻訳学会  

Authorship：Last author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：全国英語教育学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本手話学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本手話学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本手話学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本手話学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：社団法人　電子情報通信学会  

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer  

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本手話学会  

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本手話学会  

Book type：Scholarly book

Book type：Scholarly book

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

The purpose of this study is to try to find the rules that function to distinguish the well-formed and ill-formed syllables of Japanese Sign Language (JSL). In other words, gto establish the phonotactics of JSL. To find out what makes syllables well-formed or ill-formed, we have adopted two methodological approaches to this problem: one is a conventional linguistic, i.e., descriptive, observation, and the other is a kind of new approach of using machine learning algorithms, in which the authors make a computer learn differences between the well-formed and the ill-formed JSL syllables and find features effective to distinguish them. This poster presentation is a progress report of this two-sided approach, especially the one from the linguistic side.

Presentation type：Poster presentation  

Sign language is used by deaf people and is a natural interactive language different from and independent of oral language. Research on oral data of the Japanese language has vastly developed since in the fields of linguistics and engineering. National Institute of Informatics established Speech Resources Consortium whereas research on sign language in the fields of engineering and linguistics has been behind. One of the reasons is the lack of a database available to any researcher. This research plans to discuss a methodology to construct a versatile database of JSL, and then construct such a database. We are aiming at constructing an interdisciplinary database which can be used by a lot of researchers in the fields of engineering, cognitive science, linguistics and many others.

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

手話音節は、「手型」、「手の位置」、「手の動き」の３つのカテゴリに加え、「掌・指先の向き」、「利き手の接触の状態」等のいくつかの要素により構成されている。日本手話の音節形成では、日本手話で認められている音節構成要素の組み合わせのうち、すべての音節が適格な音節とはならない。このことは、音節構成要素同士の組み合わせに、何らかの制約が課せられていることを意味している。音節構成要素の適格な組み合わせを論じる分野を言語学で音素配列論と呼ぶが、日本手話の音素配列論は未だ明らかになっていない。したがって、多くの手話通訳者および手話通訳者を目指す人たち（以下、手話通訳者）は、経験的に日本手話の音素配列を学習しなければならない状況である。本研究では、日本手話を母語としない日本手話通訳者たちが、日本手話音節の適格性をどの程度正しく判定できるかを検定しその結果を発表する。検定のための資料として、日本手話研究所の「新しい手話」（全10冊）シリーズに掲載されている語を利用した。単音節から形成されている語はそのまま使用、複数音節から形成されている語は音節に分解して使用した。予備調査として、のべ40名の日本手話母語話者（以下、ろう者）に協力を依頼し「新しい手話」に描かれたイラストを見て不適格音節を指摘してもらった。次いで、これらのうち不適格性が高いと考えられる607音節を抽出し、ろう者1名に依頼して動画撮影を行った。動画は本研究専用に作成されたウェブサイトにアップロードし、ろう者8名アクセスしてもらい、個々の音節に関して適格性の判定してもらった。その結果、過半数のろう者が不適格と判定した音節を「真に不適格音節」と認定した。通訳者13名にも上記の動画を見てもらい適格・不適格の判定を行ってもらい、過半数の通訳者が不適格と判定した音節を、「通訳者が不適格と認定した音節」とした。ろう者は、607音節中、409音節を不適格（＝「真に不適格な音節」）、198語を適格と判定した一方、通訳者は、89音節を不適格、518音節を適格と判定した。この結果をCohen’s Kappa（カッパ係数）や不適格性に関する適合率と再現率、その他いくつかの観点から分析した結果、通訳者は日本手話の不適格音節を適格音節から区別することが難しい状況であることが判明した。

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

This paper tackles a problem of analyzing the well-formedness of syllables in Japanese Sign Language (JSL). We formulate the problem as a classification problem that classifies syllables into well-formed or ill-formed. We build a data set that contains hand-coded syllables and their well-formedness. We define a finegrained feature set based on the handcoded syllables and train a logistic regression classifier on labeled syllables, expecting to find the discriminative features from the trained classifier. We also perform pseudo active learning to investigate the applicability of active learning in analyzing syllables. In the experiments, the best classifier with our combinatorial features achieved the accuracy of 87.0%.The pseudo active learning is also shown to be effective showing that it could reduce about 84% of training instances to achieve the accuracy of 82.0% when compared to the model without active learning.

Presentation type：Poster presentation  

The authors are aiming at finding ways to linguistically distinguish the well-formed and ill-formed syllables of Japanese Sign Language (JSL), that is, establishing the phonotactics of JSL. The JSL syllable is constituted by the handshape, location and movement elements as well as the palm and the finger orientation elements, contact/noncontact of the hand and other minor factors. As in oral languages, not all the possible combinations of syllable-constituting elements are attested as well-formed JSL syllables. Indeed, we have a lot of systematic gaps in the JSL syllable inventory. To clarify what makes syllables well-formed or ill-formed, we need to compare both types of syllables in the light of compatibility and incompatibility of the constituents. We have chosen Japanese and JSL Dictionary, which includes about 2,000 syllables, as a corpus for well-formed syllables while we have specified a series of dictionaries named New Signs, which include signs coined by Japanese Federation of the Deaf, as a corpus from which ill-formed syllables are singled out. A reason for specifying this series as a corpus from which to single out ill-formed syllables is that it includes a certain percentage of ill-formed syllables. To identify these, we have videotaped about 600 syllables included there. Then, we have uploaded them, asked close to ten native signers of JSL to watch and judge their well-formedness, and then extracted about 200 ill-formed syllables.
After identifying the ill-formed syllables, we have analyzed them along with 2,000 well-formed syllables in the corpus into constituents and recorded them in Excel files as well as the information of the syllable type such as Battison’s Types 1 to 3, and JSL-specific Types. Among the syllable constituents are the handshape, location, movement, palm orientation, finger orientation, which more correctly should be called “the orientation of the tip of the third metacarpal bone”, existence or nonexistence of hand contact to the body part, and some others. The movement is further analyzed into the type (path, handshape-changing, or orientation-changing movements) and the manner of the movement type.
Using these data about syllable constituency, we have been doing two types of analyses of the well- and ill-formedness of the JSL syllable. One is conventional linguistic analysis in the field of phonotactics and the other is the one with the help of machine learning algorithm in the field of artificial intelligence. Our presentation in the conference will focus on the results of conventional phonotacitc analyses of the JSL syllables. It will reveal that severe phonotactic constraints are imposed on two-handed syllables. Some of them are those similar to Battison’s symmetry and dominance conditions whereas we will mention in more detail what handshapes can appear on the nondominant hand, what combinations of both hands can be authorized, whether existence or nonexistence of hand contact to the other hand or the body part will affect the well-formedness of the syllable, and some cases in which factors not mentioned by Battiosn, such as the orientation of the nondominant hand, in fact do affect the well-formedness of the syllable.

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

主語または話題を指すとされてきた日本手話の文末指さしについて、従来観察されてこなかった aboutness topic を含む文を加えて考察した。第一に aboutness topic 文のうち文末指さしが話題を指せるのは、いわゆる所有者上昇構文においてのみであった。第二に、その場合文末指さしは主語を指せず、一方、所有者上昇構文ではないaboutness topic 文では主語を指せた。従って、文末指さしの対象は、主語または話題化された要素とは一般化できず、より詳細な条件が必要であることが分かった。

Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

日本手話の文末に現れる指さしは、当該の文の主語を指し示す代名詞であるという考えが日本手話学の通説となっている。しかし、実際には文末の指さしが主語以外の名詞句を指示するケースが散見される。文の主語以外が指示されるケースがどのようなケースであるかを検討し、主語および主題を指し示す可能性を示唆する。

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

CL手型のタイプの選択には、媒介手話H、日本手話、一般聴者の手指表現（身振り）における物品への焦点の当て方の違いが反映されており、この違いは媒介手話Hが独自の体系を持つ可能性を示唆していることを指摘した。

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

手話リレーサービスにおいて、手話、音声日本語以外の絵・文字等のビジュアル情報の利用の前提となる?「3者相互の同時通信」に関して実用可能性の確認を行い、今後の研究の方向性を提案した。

Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

媒介手話Ｈ（聴者の用いる中間型手話）と日本手話を、手の動き（ストローク）の観点から調査し、それぞれの手話の語内部の時間構造には違いがあることを示した。

Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

日本で使用されている手話は、一般に，日本手話，日本語対応手話，中間型手話の3種類あると言われおり，中間型手話は，日本手話と日本語対応手話が混ざったものと考えられている。本研究では，中間型手話は，このような中間的存在ではなく，日本語に属するべきタイプの手話であることを述べた。